The new variant MPox clade 1b virus

Overview

MPOX, formerly known as monkey pox, is a viral disease caused by the monkey pox virus. It belongs to the Orthopox virus genus, which also includes smallpox and cowpox. Initially discovered in laboratory monkeys in 1958, the disease has since been identified in various animals and humans, with outbreaks occurring primarily in Central and West Africa. In recent years, there has been a significant uptick in cases globally, leading to increased attention and research.

Specialists say new variant MPox (monkey pox) 1B strain of monkey pox is behind it.

Transmission and Symptoms

Monkey pox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The primary reservoirs are rodents and other small mammals, although primates can also be affected. Human-to-human transmission can occur through close contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids, respiratory droplets, or contaminated materials like bedding and clothing.

Symptoms of the new variant MPox (monkey pox) typically appear 7-14 days after exposure and can include:

• Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Backache
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fatigue
• A distinctive rash that progresses through stages: maculas, papules, vesicles, pustules, and crusts.

The rash usually starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body, including the hands and feet. The disease often lasts 2-4 weeks, and while it is usually self-limiting, severe cases can occur, especially in young children, pregnant women, and immune compromised individuals.

In which countries has the new variant of MPox (monkey pox) spread?

The new variant MPoxis most common in remote village’s area in tropical rainforest countries in West and Central Africa, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Thousands of people are infected and hundreds of people die every year in these areas, with children under the age of 15 being the worst affected. Multiple outbreaks are currently occurring simultaneously in several countries—particularly in the Congo and its neighboring countries. The disease has recently been seen in Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya where it is not normally found. There are two types of Mpox in obesity – clade 1, which is usually more severe, and clade 2. Clade 1 virus – caused sporadic outbreaks in Congo for decades and is now the widespread type. Children tend to be more affected than adults in some types of clade 1

Specialists say much remains to be known about clade 1b. But it’s thought to be likely to spread more easily than the previous type, while also causing more serious disease. Its new variant MPox (monkey pox) virus.

 Recent Outbreaks and Global Concerns

In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported an unusual surge in monkey pox cases outside the endemic regions of Africa. This global outbreak highlighted the virus’s potential for wider transmission and raised concerns about the effectiveness of current preventive measures. Several countries, including the United States, Canada, and nations in Europe, reported increased cases, prompting a response from health authorities and researchers.

The spread of the new variant MPox (monkey pox) in non-endemic areas has been attributed to a combination of factors, including increased international travel, global interconnectedness, and possibly changes in the virus’s behavior. Efforts to contain the outbreak involve enhanced surveillance, public health interventions, and vaccination campaigns.

Prevention and Control

Preventive measures for monkey pox include avoiding contact with infected animals and people, practicing good hygiene, and using personal protective equipment (PPE) if handling potentially infected individuals or materials. In endemic regions, controlling outbreaks involves monitoring animal populations and educating the public about the risks and symptoms of monkey pox.

Vaccination is a key component in managing the spread of monkey pox. The smallpox vaccine has been shown to provide some level of protection against monkey pox due to the similarities between the two viruses. In response to the 2022 outbreak, some countries have started using the smallpox vaccine as a preventive measure for those at high risk of exposure. The development of specific monkey pox vaccines and antiviral treatments is also underway, with research focusing on improving efficacy and accessibility.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for monkey pox, but supportive care can alleviate symptoms and reduce the severity of the disease. Management typically involves hydration, pain relief, and addressing secondary infections. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required, and patients may receive treatments to manage complications.

Research is ongoing to identify effective antiviral drugs and vaccines specifically for monkey pox. The use of antiviral medications like tecovirimat (TPOXX), which was developed for smallpox, has shown promise in treating new variant MPox (monkey pox). The availability and use of such treatments are contingent on regulatory approvals and further clinical trials.

Public Health Response

The global response to monkey pox involves coordination between international health organizations, national governments, and local public health authorities. The WHO has been actively involved in monitoring outbreaks, providing guidance, and supporting affected countries. Surveillance systems are crucial for early detection and response, and efforts are being made to enhance these systems globally.

Public health campaigns aim to raise awareness about new variant MPox or monkey pox, its symptoms, and preventive measures. Education is critical in ensuring that individuals recognize the signs of the disease and seek medical attention promptly. Community engagement and cooperation are vital for the success of these campaigns and for the containment of outbreaks.

Research and Future Directions

The new variant MPox (monkey pox) Ongoing research is focused on several key areas, including:

• Virus Transmission: Understanding how the virus spreads and identifying potential new reservoirs or vectors.
• Vaccine Development: Creating effective vaccines tailored specifically for monkey pox and assessing their efficacy in different populations.
• Antiviral Treatments: Developing and testing new antiviral drugs that can specifically target monkey pox.
• Long-term Outcomes: Studying the long-term effects of monkey pox and its impact on survivors, including any potential for long-term health issues.

Efforts are also being made to improve global health infrastructure and response mechanisms to better manage emerging infectious diseases like monkey pox. The lessons learned from the monkey pox outbreaks will contribute to strengthening preparedness and response strategies for future public health challenges.

while new variant MPox (monkey pox)  remains a significant concern, ongoing research, vaccination efforts, and global cooperation are critical in managing and mitigating the impact of this disease. Staying informed about the latest developments and adhering to public health recommendations are essential steps in combating the spread of new variant MPox (monkey pox) and protecting public health.